Method and system for determining locations of electrodes on a patient body

ABSTRACT

A method for electrode placement includes acquiring an image of a body of a patient, such that the image captures a patch that has been placed on the body. Based on the acquired image and the patch appearing therein, one or more preferred locations are calculated on the body for placing one or more respective electrodes to be used in carrying out a procedure in an internal organ of the patient. The preferred locations are displayed to an operator.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to body-surface electrodes, andparticularly to methods and systems for determining locations on apatient body for placing body-surface electrodes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Body-surface electrodes (BSEs) are used in some medical procedures suchas Electrophysiology (EP). Examples of prior art techniques for usingand determining locations of the BSEs are provided below.

PCT International publication WO 2008/032291, whose disclosure isincorporated herein by reference, describes an adhesive electrode patchassembly, in particular for use in impedance measurements with at leastone electrode patch that comprises at least one feeding electrode and atleast one sensing electrode arranged in pairs, respectively wherein onefeeding electrode and one sensing electrode are combined in a singleelectrode plate.

U.S. Patent Application Publication 2011/0152987, whose disclosure isincorporated herein by reference, describes a placement device for amedical patch that includes an alignment guide having a shaft with afirst end having a first anatomical alignment marker and a second endhaving a second anatomical alignment marker, a swinging gate bothpivotally and rotationally coupled with the first end of the shaft forselectively pivoting the gate toward and away from the shaft androtating the gate between opposite sides of the shaft, whereby the gatehas first and second major faces and a first opening extending throughthe gate between the first and second major faces.

European Patent Application Publication EP2352421, whose disclosure isincorporated herein by reference, describes systems and methods forsensing electrical activity of a patient. In one embodiment, a sensorarray system includes a plurality of elongated strips of a flexiblesubstrate material that extend from a first end to terminate in a secondend spaced therefrom by a length of the substrate material having spacedapart side edges. A plurality of electrically conductive sensors areconnected with and distributed along the length of each of the pluralityof elongated strips to provide a column of sensors along each respectivestrip.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,478,388, whose disclosure is incorporated herein byreference, describes a method for accessing cardiac information acquiredvia a catheter located at various positions in a venous network of aheart of a patient wherein the cardiac information comprises positioninformation with respect to time for one or more electrodes of thecatheter. The method includes performing a principal component analysison at least some of the position information, and selecting at least onecomponent of the principal component analysis to represent an axis of acardiac coordinate system.

U.S. Patent Application Publication 2014/0139405, whose disclosure isincorporated herein by reference, describes an augmented reality systemthat comprises a user interface system, a care facility network, and amedical device. The network is in communication with the user interfacesystem. The medical device is configured to be used with a patient andis in communication with the user interface system. The user interfacesystem receives information from the care facility network and themedical device and displays the information in a user's field of vision.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An embodiment of the present invention that is described herein providesa method for electrode placement including acquiring an image of a bodyof a patient, such that the image captures a patch that has been placedon the body. Based on the acquired image and the patch appearingtherein, one or more preferred locations are calculated on the body forplacing one or more respective electrodes to be used in carrying out aprocedure in an internal organ of the patient. The preferred locationsare displayed to an operator.

In some embodiments, calculating the preferred locations includesestimating a dimension of the body based on the image, and calculatingthe preferred locations depending on the dimension of the body. In otherembodiments, calculating and outputting the preferred locations includescalculating and outputting, based at least on the estimated dimension ofthe body, a virtual frame within which the one or more respectiveelectrodes are to be placed. In yet other embodiments, the patch has apredefined physical size, and estimating the dimension of the bodyincludes assessing the dimension of the body based on the predefinedphysical size of the patch and on an imaged size of the patch in theimage.

In an embodiment, the patch includes an embedded electrode, to be usedtogether with the one or more respective electrodes in carrying out theprocedure. In another embodiment, carrying out the procedure includesmeasuring impedance of the body between a distal-end of a catheterlocated in the internal organ and at least one of the electrodes. In yetanother embodiment, calculating and outputting the preferred locationsincludes calculating and outputting a respective forbidden zone aroundat least one of the respective electrodes, in which other patches arenot to be placed.

In some embodiments, calculating and outputting the respective forbiddenzone calculating and outputting a first forbidden zone having a firstsize for a first type of electrode, and a second forbidden zone having asecond size, different from the first size, for a second type ofelectrode that is different from the first type. In other embodiments,calculating and outputting the preferred locations receiving at leastfirst and second images in which the body appears at differentrespective positions, and overlaying the preferred locations over thebody in the at least first and second images while compensating for thedifferent positions. In yet other embodiments, the method includes,after the electrodes have been placed on the body, acquiring anotherimage of the body and automatically verifying, using the additionalimage, that the electrodes have been placed in compliance with thecalculated preferred locations.

There is additionally provided, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention, a medical apparatus including a camera and aprocessor. The camera is configured to acquire an image of a body of apatient, such that the image captures a patch that has been placed onthe body. The processor is configured to calculate, based on theacquired image and the patch appearing therein, one or more preferredlocations on the body for placing one or more respective electrodes tobe used in carrying out a procedure in an internal organ of the patient,and output the preferred locations to an operator.

The present invention will be more fully understood from the followingdetailed description of the embodiments thereof, taken together with thedrawings in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic pictorial illustration of a system for determiningpatch placement on a patient body, in accordance with embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic pictorial illustration of an image captured fordetermining patch placement on a patient body, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention; and

FIGS. 3 and 4 are flow charts that schematically illustrate methods fordetermining locations for placing electrodes on a patient body, inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Overview

Medical procedures, such as electrophysiology (EP), may involve placingone or more body-surface electrodes (BSEs) on the patient body. ExampleBSEs include electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes and advanced currentlocalization (ACL) electrodes used for locating an intra-body devicesuch as a catheter. Each BSE is typically coupled to a patch that amedical operator may place on the patient's torso.

In an ACL-based EP procedure, for example, a physician inserts acatheter to a patient's heart and uses multiple ACL electrodes formeasuring the body impedance between each of the ACL electrodes and adistal end of the catheter. Integration of the impedance measurementsallows tracking the location of the distal end.

Correct placement of the patches on the patient's torso, e.g. withrespect to the patient's heart, is important for the accuracy andreliability of the procedure. Sometimes, at least one of the patches isnot placed accurately, in which case the medical operator has to elevatethe patient from an operating table and to rearrange the misplacedpatches on the patient's torso. The patch rearrangement causesdiscomfort to the patient, unnecessarily extends the medical procedureand consumes expensive resources such as occupancy of one or moremedical operators and an operating room (OR) in which the procedure iscarried out.

Embodiments of the present invention that are described hereinbelowprovide improved techniques for accurately determining locations forplacing the BSEs on the patient's torso. In the disclosed techniques, animage that includes a calibration patch serves as a reference image fordetermining the locations of the BSEs on the patient body.

In some embodiments, the medical operator places a calibration patch, ofpredefined physical dimensions, on the patient's torso. The operatoracquires a reference image that captures the torso and the calibrationpatch, e.g., using a smartphone that comprises a camera and a softwareapplication executed by the smartphone's processor. The processorestimates the dimensions of the torso, using the reference image and theknown patch dimensions, and determines one or more preferred locationsfor placing the BSEs on the patient's torso.

In some embodiments it is desirable to maintain a certain clearance zonearound each BSE, e.g., in order to reduce interference. In anembodiment, the processor outputs an image including the preferredlocations to the smartphone's screen and adds to the image, usingaugmented reality, a respective virtual clearance zone around at leastone of the BSE. In an example embodiment, the processor is configured tocalculate the width of the clearance zone based on the type of therespective BSE. In an embodiment, the processor delimits the locationsof the three electrodes within a virtual frame, and displays the virtualframe in the image of the patient's torso.

The disclosed techniques determine the desired locations of BSEsa-priori, and eliminate the unnecessary trial-and-error processdescribed above. The disclosed techniques may be carried out before thepatient enters the OR, thus saving occupancy and increasing efficiencyof the medical operators and OR by shortening the duration of suchmedical procedures.

System Description

FIG. 1 is a schematic pictorial illustration of a system 20 fordetermining patch placement in preferred locations on a torso 31 of apatient 30, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.FIG. 1 further illustrates a fluoroscopic imaging system 23 used foracquiring images of internal organs of patient 30, and a positiontracking system 21 applied in a medical procedure, such as ablation ormapping of a heart (not shown) of patient 30.

System 21 comprises a catheter 25, which comprises an electrode on itsdistal end, and three patches 22, 26A and 26B located on torso 31 asshown in an inset 29. In the example of FIG. 1, position tracking system21 comprises three advanced current localization (ACL) electrodes (notshown) coupled to three respective patches 22, 26A and 26B. System 21generates a current from the electrode at the distal end of catheter 25and uses three impedance measurements taken by the electrodes on patches22, 26A and 26B to determine the location of the distal end in thepatient's heart.

System 21 further comprises a console 19, which comprises a processor44, an ACL interface 50, an interface 48 for connecting to fluoroscopicimaging system 23, input devices 46, and a display 41. Processor 44 isconfigured to analyze the measured impedances so as to provide acardiologist 42 with a position and orientation of the distal end in theheart of patient 30. This method of position tracking is implemented,for example, in the CARTO™ system, produced by Biosense Webster Inc.(Diamond Bar, Calif.) and is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No.8,456,182, and in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2015/0141798 A1,whose disclosures are all incorporated herein by reference.

When using system 21, one of the challenges is to place patches 22, 26Aand 26B accurately on torso 31 so as to allow accurate tracking of thedistal end of catheter 25. As depicted in inset 29, during the medicalprocedure patient 30 is typically anesthetized and positioned with historso facing an operating table 37. If one or more of the patches arenot positioned accurately, cardiologist 42 has to elevate patient 30from the table and rearrange the patches to their optimal positions.Patch rearrangement encumbers and prolongs the procedure and reduces theefficiency of the operating room (OR).

Embodiments of the present invention that are described herein providemethods and apparatus for accurately placing patches 22, 26A and 26B ontorso 31 during preparations for the medical procedure. The disclosedtechniques save time of the OR and medical staff and improve thetracking accuracy of the distal end in system 21.

A medical operator, such as a nurse 28, places patch 22 that haspredefined dimensions (e.g., diameter in case the patch is round) ontorso 31. Patch 22 is referred to herein as a calibration patch.

Referring to an inset 35, system 20 (e.g., a smartphone) comprises acamera 32, which is configured to acquire an image 34 of patient 30, anda display 33. In some embodiments, image 34 captures torso 31 and patch22 located thereon. System 20 further comprises a processor 27, which isconfigured to receive image 34 and to estimate the dimensions of torso31 based on the known dimensions of patch 22.

In an embodiment, processor 27 is further configured to calculatepreferred locations 24A and 24B for placing patches 26A and 26B,respectively, on torso 31. Processor 27 then presents, on display 33,patch 22 and locations 24A and 24B overlaid on image 34 using augmentedreality. Processor 27 may apply a set of predefined rules, criteriaand/or priorities for placing the patches. These may originate, forexample, from manufacturer guidelines.

During the image acquisition, torso 31 may move relative to system 20.For example, patient 30 or the hand of nurse 28 may move, thus,displayed locations 24A and 24B may need to shift to compensate for suchmovements. In an augmented reality implementation, processor 27 receivesand processes a streaming video from camera 32, and continuouslyrecalculates and displays updated overlaid positions of preferredlocations 24A and 24B on torso 31. In other words, the user (e.g., nurse28) will thus see, on display 33, graphical representations of preferredlocations 24A and 24B, which are overlaid on the same locations on torso31, regardless of movement of the torso in the image.

In an embodiment, processor 27 may additionally display a virtual frame40 on image 34. Frame 40 determines a permitted area for placing patches22, 26A and 26B. In other words, processor 27 advises the user not toplace patches outside frame 40. As described above, processor 27 mayapply augmented reality techniques so that the position of virtual frame40 will be displayed in a fixed position relative to torso 31,regardless of motion of torso 31 relative to system 20. The abovetechniques of system 20 are described in detail in FIGS. 2-4 below.

Embodiments of the present invention may be used with ACL electrodes, aswell as with other types of body-surface electrodes such asdefibrillation and electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes. For simplicityand clarity, except where otherwise stated, the following descriptionrefers to ACL electrodes. The process can be adapted, mutatis mutandis,for other types of electrodes.

The configuration of system 20 shown in FIG. 1 is an exampleconfiguration that is depicted purely for the sake of conceptualclarity. In alternative embodiments, any other suitable systemconfiguration can be used. For example, the disclosed techniques are notlimited to implementation using a smart-phone. In an alternativeembodiment, image 34 may be acquired by a standalone camera, andimported into system 21. The functions of processor 27 may then becarried out by processor 44 of system 21, and the results presented ondisplay 41.

Processor 27 and/or processor 44 typically comprise general-purposeprocessors, which are programmed in software to carry out the functionsdescribed herein. The software may be downloaded to the processor orprocessors in electronic form, over a network, for example, or it may,alternatively or additionally, be provided and/or stored onnon-transitory tangible media, such as magnetic, optical, or electronicmemory.

FIG. 2 is a schematic pictorial illustration of image 34 as displayed ondisplay 33 of system 20, in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention. Image 34 shows patch 22 as placed by nurse 28 on torso 31 ofpatient 30. In some embodiments, patch 22 is used as a reference forestimating the dimensions of torso 31 as described above. In someembodiments, patch 22 may comprise an electrode, such as an ACLelectrode, which is used in the localization process together withelectrodes 26A and 26B.

Image 34 further shows locations 24A and 24B calculated by processor 27and virtually displayed, using augmented reality, so as to provide nurse28 with optimal locations for placing patches 26A and 26B. Processor 27receives real-time video streaming of torso 31 and patch from camera 32.In case torso 31 moves relative to camera 31, the previously calculatedposition of locations 24A and 24B is not accurate. In an embodiment,processor 27 uses the augmented reality techniques to correctly presentthe overlaid positions of locations 24A and 24B on torso 31, inreal-time even when relative movements occur. Thus, the system providesnurse 28 with the correct preferred locations for placing patches 26Aand 26B on torso 31. Patches 22, 26A and 26B typically compriseelectrodes of the same type (e.g., ACL) but may comprise any suitablecombination of same or different electrode types. In other embodiments,patch 22 does not comprise an electrode, and is used only forcalibration.

In some embodiments, processor 27 is configured to define virtualclearance zones 42, 44 and 46 around patches 22, 26A and 26B,respectively. Typically, the type of electrode determines the width ofthe respective clearance zone. The clearance zone defines a restrictedarea around the respective patch that in which other patches should notbe positioned, so as to allow optimized operation of the respectiveelectrode. For example, in case of ACL electrodes, the clearance zoneallows the detection of signals used for measuring the impedance betweenthe distal end and the respective ACL electrode, without being exposedto unrelated surrounding interfering signals.

In other embodiments, processor 27 calculates frame 40 that defines anarea in which patches 22, 26A and 26B are delimited on torso 31. Asdescribed above, system 21 generates a current from the electrodelocated in the distal end of catheter 25 and measures the distributionof the impedances as measured by patches 22, 26A and 26B. The measuredimpedances are typically used for determining the location of the distalend in the patient's heart. Thus, it is important that patches 22, 26Aand 26B are located within a predefined mutual proximity so as toprovide processor 44 with impedance signals that allow accuratecalculation and tracking of the distal end in the patient's heart.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method forplacing electrodes on torso 31 of patient 30, in accordance withembodiments of the present invention. The method begins at a calibrationpatch placement step 100, in which nurse 28 places patch 22 on torso 31of patient 30. In some embodiments, steps 100 to 112 are carried outbefore patient 30 enters the operating room (OR) while patient 30 istypically in full consciousness and cooperating with nurse 28.

At an image acquisition step 102, patient may stand and optionally lifthis/her arms while nurse 28 directs camera 32 to capture image 34 oftorso 31 as shown in FIG. 1. Image 34, as it appears on display 33,captures the entire torso 31 and patch 22 located thereon (also shown ininset 35 of FIG. 1).

Patch 22 typically comprises a preselected type of electrode (e.g., ACL)or may be only a patch used for calibration. At a torso estimation step104, processor 27 analyses image 34 and estimates, based on the size ofpatch 22, the dimensions of torso 31. At an electrode selection step106, a type of electrode patches (e.g., patches 26A and 26B) isselected. In some embodiments, the type may be predefined as an inputfrom an external source (e.g., a host computer). In alternativeembodiments, nurse 28 may select the electrode type from a menu or matchthe selected type to patch 22.

The type of electrode in patches 22, 26A and 26B determines respectiveclearance zones 42, 44 and 46. The clearance zone defines the minimalarea around a respective patch that should remain empty of other patchesso as to obtain clear impedance signals between the distal end ofcatheter 25 and the respective patch, and to minimize interferingsignals from external sources. Furthermore, patches 22, 26A and 26B mustbe located within a predefined mutual proximity (e.g., within virtualframe 40) so that processor 44 of system 21 is able to calculate thelocation of the distal end based on the inputs from the three respectiveACL electrodes.

At a display step 108, processor 27 calculates the position of thepatient's heart based on the calculated dimension of torso 31. The ACLelectrodes should typically be placed around the patient's heart. Thus,processor 27 calculates optimal locations 24A and 24B for placingrespective patches 26A and 26B and displays the locations on display 33.In some embodiments, processor 27 may use augmented reality to virtuallyadd locations 24A and 24B to image 34. In other embodiments, processor27 may add to image 34 virtual clearance zones 42, 44 and around patch22, and locations 24A and 24B, respectively. In yet other embodiments,processor 27 may add to image 34 virtual frame 40 that defines thedelimited area for placing patches 26A and 26B.

The dimensions of clearance zones 42, 44 and 46 and virtual frame 40depend on the medical procedure and on the selected type of electrode inpatches 22, 26A and 26B, so as to allow optimal operational conditionsof system 21 during the medical procedure.

At an electrode placement step 110, in an embodiment, nurse 28 placespatches 26A and 26B on torso 31 in accordance with the augmented realitydisplay as described at display step 108.

At a position verification step 112, nurse 28 directs camera 32 to torso31, optionally acquires a second image, and respectively comparesvirtual locations 24A and 24B as proposed by system 20 and the actualpositions at which patches 26A and 26B were placed while patch 22 servesas an anchor. In addition, nurse 28 verifies that patches 22, 26A and26B are located within frame 40. In some embodiments, processor 27 maycalculate the placement deviation and alert nurse 28 in case at leastone of patches 26A and 26B is not placed accurately with respect tovirtual locations 24A and 24B and frame 40. Processor 27 may recommendnurse 28 to reposition at least one of the patches so as to optimize theplacement of patches 22, 26A and 26B.

In other embodiments, nurse 28 may recognize a placement violation inimage 34, and in response may reposition at least one of the respectivepatches to match the designated location.

After position verification step 112, patient 30 is transferred into theOR and placed on table 37. At a final verification step 114,cardiologist 42 uses system to verify that patches 22, 26A and 26B areplaced accurately. In an embodiment, system 21 comprises a magneticpositioning system (not shown) that comprises a location pad (not shown)on table 37 facing torso 31. Cardiologist 42 may insert catheter 25 andcompare the location of the distal end as obtained by the ACL and themagnetic position tracking systems to verify that patches 22, 26A and26B are placed accurately on torso 31.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method forplacing electrodes on torso 31 of patient 30, in accordance with otherembodiments of the present invention. The method begins at a calibrationpatch placement step 120, in which nurse 28 places patch on torso 31 ofpatient 30 as described in patch placement step 100 at FIG. 3. At animage acquisition step 122, patient 30 may stand and optionally lifthis/her arms while nurse 28 directs camera 32 to capture image 34 oftorso 31 as shown in FIG. 1 and as described in image acquisition step102 above.

At a torso estimation step 124, as described above at a torso estimationstep 104, processor 27 analyses image 34 and estimates, based on theknown dimensions of patch 22, the dimensions of torso 31. At an allowedzone display step 126, processor 27 calculates an allowed zone forplacing patches 26A and 26B and marks the allowed zone as virtual frame40 in image 34 so that nurse 28 may place patches 26A and 26B withinframe 40.

At an electrode placement step 128, nurse 28 places patches 26A and 26Bon patient 30 torso within frame 40 as described at allowed zone displaystep 126. In an embodiment, processor 27 may display clearance zones 42,44 and 46 so that nurse 28 does not place patches 26A and 26B too closeto one another or to patch 22.

At a position verification step 130, nurse 28 captures a second image oftorso 31 with patches 22, 26A and 26B located thereon. In an embodiment,nurse 28 checks whether patches 22, 26A and 26B are located within frame40. In another embodiment, processor 27 may alert nurse 28 to repositionat least one of the patches so as to obtain optimal placement of patches22, 26A and 26B. At a final verification step 132, cardiologist 42 usessystem 21 to verify that patches 22, 26A and 26B are placed accuratelyas described in verification step 114 above.

The processes above are given purely by way of example. In alternativeembodiments, the disclosed techniques can be carried out in any othersuitable manner. Although the examples above refer to placement of threeelectrodes on the patient torso, the disclosed techniques can be usedfor placing a smaller or larger number of electrodes, as desired, on anypart of the patient body.

Although the embodiments described herein mainly address cardiologyapplications, the methods and systems described herein can also be usedin other applications, such as in skin sensitivity testing.

It will thus be appreciated that the embodiments described above arecited by way of example, and that the present invention is not limitedto what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather,the scope of the present invention includes both combinations andsub-combinations of the various features described hereinabove, as wellas variations and modifications thereof which would occur to personsskilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which arenot disclosed in the prior art. Documents incorporated by reference inthe present patent application are to be considered an integral part ofthe application except that to the extent any terms are defined in theseincorporated documents in a manner that conflicts with the definitionsmade explicitly or implicitly in the present specification, only thedefinitions in the present specification should be considered.

1. A method for electrode placement, comprising: acquiring an image of abody of a patient, such that the image captures a patch that has beenplaced on the body; calculating, based on the acquired image and thepatch appearing therein, one or more preferred locations on the body forplacing one or more respective electrodes to be used in carrying out aprocedure in an internal organ of the patient; and outputting thepreferred locations to an operator.
 2. The method according to claim 1,wherein calculating the preferred locations comprises estimating adimension of the body based on the image, and calculating the preferredlocations depending on the dimension of the body.
 3. The methodaccording to claim 2, wherein calculating and outputting the preferredlocations comprises calculating and outputting, based at least on theestimated dimension of the body, a virtual frame within which the one ormore respective electrodes are to be placed.
 4. The method according toclaim 2, wherein the patch has a predefined physical size, and whereinestimating the dimension of the body comprises assessing the dimensionof the body based on the predefined physical size of the patch and on animaged size of the patch in the image.
 5. The method according to claim1, wherein the patch comprises an embedded electrode, to be usedtogether with the one or more respective electrodes in carrying out theprocedure.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein carrying out theprocedure comprises measuring impedance of the body between a distal-endof a catheter located in the internal organ and at least one of theelectrodes.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein calculating andoutputting the preferred locations comprises calculating and outputtinga respective forbidden zone around at least one of the respectiveelectrodes, in which other patches are not to be placed.
 8. The methodaccording to claim 7, wherein calculating and outputting the respectiveforbidden zone comprises calculating and outputting a first forbiddenzone having a first size for a first type of electrode, and a secondforbidden zone having a second size, different from the first size, fora second type of electrode that is different from the first type.
 9. Themethod according to claim 1, wherein calculating and outputting thepreferred locations comprises receiving at least first and second imagesin which the body appears at different respective positions, andoverlaying the preferred locations over the body in the at least firstand second images while compensating for the different positions. 10.The method according to claim 1, and comprising, after the electrodeshave been placed on the body, acquiring another image of the body andautomatically verifying, using the additional image, that the electrodeshave been placed in compliance with the calculated preferred locations.11. A medical apparatus, comprising: a camera, which is configured toacquire an image of a body of a patient, such that the image captures apatch that has been placed on the body; and a processor, which isconfigured to: calculate, based on the acquired image and the patchappearing therein, one or more preferred locations on the body forplacing one or more respective electrodes to be used in carrying out aprocedure in an internal organ of the patient; and output the preferredlocations to an operator.
 12. The medical apparatus according to claim11, wherein the processor is configured to estimate a dimension of thebody based on the image, and to calculate the preferred locationsdepending on the dimension of the body.
 13. The medical apparatusaccording to claim 12, wherein the processor is configured to calculateand output, based at least on the estimated dimension of the body, avirtual frame within which the one or more respective electrodes are tobe placed.
 14. The medical apparatus according to claim 12, wherein thepatch has a predefined physical size, and wherein the processor isconfigured to assess the dimension of the body based on the predefinedphysical size of the patch and on an imaged size of the patch in theimage.
 15. The medical apparatus according to claim 11, wherein thepatch comprises an embedded electrode, to be used together with the oneor more respective electrodes in carrying out the procedure.
 16. Themedical apparatus according to claim 11, wherein carrying out theprocedure comprises measuring impedance of the body between a distal-endof a catheter located in the internal organ and at least one of theelectrodes.
 17. The medical apparatus according to claim 11, wherein theprocessor is configured to calculate and output a respective forbiddenzone around at least one of the respective electrodes, in which otherpatches are not to be placed.
 18. The medical apparatus according toclaim 17, wherein the processor is configured to calculate and output afirst forbidden zone having a first size for a first type of electrode,and a second forbidden zone having a second size, different from thefirst size, for a second type of electrode that is different from thefirst type.
 19. The medical apparatus according to claim 11, wherein theprocessor is configured to receive at least first and second images inwhich the body appears at different respective positions, and to overlaythe preferred locations over the body in the at least first and secondimages while compensating for the different positions.
 20. A computersoftware product, the product comprising a tangible non-transitorycomputer-readable medium, in which program instructions are stored,which instructions, when read by a processor, causes the processor to:receive an image of a body of a patient, such that the image captures apatch that has been placed on the body; calculate, based on the acquiredimage and the patch appearing therein, one or more preferred locationson the body for placing one or more respective electrodes to be used incarrying out a procedure in an internal organ of the patient; and outputthe preferred locations to an operator.